¿Es apropiada la aplicación de la nueva ecuación Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Consortium (CKD-EPI 2021) en la población española? / Is the use of the new Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Consortium (CKD-EPI 2021) formula appropriate for the Spanish population?

Introducción Las sociedades estadounidenses de nefrología recomiendan cambiar la ecuación CKD-EPI 2009 por la nueva CKD-EPI 2021, que no incluye el coeficiente de raza, para estimar la tasa de filtrado glomerular (TFGe). Se desconoce cómo podría afectar este cambio a la distribución de la enfermedad renal de la población española predominantemente caucásica. Métodos Se estudiaron dos cohortes de adultos de la provincia de Cádiz, BD-SIDICA (n=264.217 personas) y BD-PANDEMIA (n=64.217), que disponían de mediciones de creatinina plasmática entre 2017 y 2021. Se calcularon los cambios de la TFGe y la consecuente reclasificación en las diferentes categorías de la clasificación KDIGO-2012 al modificar la ecuación CKD-EPI 2009 por la de 2021. Resultados En comparación con la ecuación de 2009, CKD-EPI-21 arrojó una TFGe más alta, con una mediana de 3,8mL/min/1,73m2 (IQR: 2,98-4,48) en BD-SIDICA y de 3,89mL/min/1,73m2 (IQR: 3,05-4,55) en BD-PANDEMIA. Como primera consecuencia, del total de la población, el 15,3% en BD-SIDICA y el 15,1% en BD-PANDEMIA y el 28,1% y el 27,3%, respectivamente, de la población con enfermedad renal (G3-G5), se reclasificó a una categoría de TFGe más alta y ningún sujeto a una más grave. Como segunda consecuencia, la prevalencia de la enfermedad renal disminuyó del 9% al 7,5% en ambas cohortes. Conclusiones Implementar la ecuación CKD-EPI-21 en la población española, predominantemente caucásica, aumentaría la TFGe en una cantidad modesta (mayor en hombres y con mayor edad o TFG) y una proporción importante de la población se clasificaría en una categoría de TFGe superior, con la consiguiente disminución de la prevalencia de la enfermedad renal (AU)

Introduction United States nephrology societies recommend changing from the CKD-EPI 2009 equation to the new CKD-EPI 2021 equation, which does not include the race coefficient, for calculating estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). It is unknown how this change might affect the distribution of kidney disease in the predominantly Caucasian Spanish population. Methods Two databases of adults from the province of Cádiz, DB-SIDICA (n=264,217) and BD-PANDEMIC (n=64,217), that had plasma creatinine measurements recorded between 2017 and 2021 were studied. Changes in eGFR and the consequent reclassification into different categories of the KDIGO2012 classification resulting from substituting the CKD-EPI 2009 equation for the 2021 equation were calculated. Results Compared to the 2009 equation, CKD-EPI 2021 yielded a higher eGFR, with a median of 3.8mL/min/1.73m2 (IQR: 2.98-4.48) in DB-SIDICA and 3.89mL/min/1.73m2 (IQR: 3.05-4.55) in DB-PANDEMIA. The first consequence was that 15.3% of the total population in DB-SIDICA and 15.1% of the total population in DB-PANDEMIA were reclassified into a higher category of eGFR, as were 28.1% and 27.3%, respectively, of the population with CKD (G3-G5); no subjects were classified into the more severe category. The second consequence was that the prevalence of kidney disease decreased from 9% to 7.5% in both cohorts. Conclusions Implementing the CKD-EPI 2021 equation in the Spanish population, which is predominantly Caucasian, would increase eGFR by a modest amount (greater in men and those who are older or have a higher GFR). A significant proportion of the population would be classified into a higher eGFR category, with a consequent decrease in the prevalence of kidney disease (AU)

Is the use of the new Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Consortium (CKD-EPI 2021) formula appropriate for the Spanish population?

INTRODUCTION: United States nephrology societies recommend changing from the CKD-EPI 2009 equation to the new CKD-EPI 2021 equation, which does not include the race coefficient, for calculating estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). It is unknown how this change might affect the distribution of kidney disease in the predominantly Caucasian Spanish population. METHODS: Two databases of adults from the province of Cádiz, DB-SIDICA (N=264,217) and DB-PANDEMIA (N=64,217), that had plasma creatinine measurements recorded between 2017 and 2021 were studied. Changes in eGFR and the consequent reclassification into different categories of the KDIGO 2012 classification resulting from substituting the CKD-EPI 2009 equation for the 2021 equation were calculated. RESULTS: Compared to the 2009 equation, CKD-EPI 2021 yielded a higher eGFR, with a median of 3.8mL/min/1.73m2 (IQR 2.98-4.48) in DB-SIDICA and 3.89mL/min/1.73m2 (IQR 3.05-4.55) in DB-PANDEMIA. The first consequence was that 15.3% of the total population in DB-SIDICA and 15.1% of the total population in DB-PANDEMIA were reclassified into a higher category of eGFR, as were 28.1% and 27.3%, respectively, of the population with CKD (G3-G5); no subjects were classified into the more severe category. The second consequence was that the prevalence of kidney disease decreased from 9% to 7.5% in both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Implementing the CKD-EPI 2021 equation in the Spanish population, which is predominantly Caucasian, would increase eGFR by a modest amount (greater in men and those who are older or have a higher GFR). A significant proportion of the population would be classified into a higher eGFR category, with a consequent decrease in the prevalence of kidney disease.

Screening de enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes diabéticos de larga evolución de la UMF (unidad de medicina familiar) 222

Contexto: la nefropatía diabética es la primera causa de enfermedad renal crónica en el mundo, sin embargo, no existe información de la prevalencia de Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) en estadios tempranos en México. Una tarea fundamental del primer nivel de atención es la detección oportuna de enfermedades y la ERC en pacientes diabéticos es subdiagnosticada en estadios tempranos al ser asintomática. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia y la estadificación de ERC en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de larga evolución en una unidad de primer nivel de atención, en el estado de México. Metodología: estudio transversal descriptivo. Se incluyeron 263 pacientes calculados por fórmula de población finita y selección aleatoria simple. Se incluyeron pacientes con diabetes tipo 2, ≥ 5 años de evolución, sin encontrarse en terapia sustitutiva de la función renal que cumplieran los criterios de inclusión. Las variables de estudio: características sociodemográficas y la estimación de la tasa de filtración glomerular por la ecuación CKD-EPI fueron descritas en frecuencias y porcentajes para variables categóricas y las variables continuas se reportaron medias y de desviación estándar, la diferencia entre grupos fue establecida por medio de prueba de Chi cuadrado o prueba exacta de Fisher y distribución t de student, de acuerdo con el tipo de variable. Un valor de p ˂ 0,05 fue considerado estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: la clasificación Kdigo presenta seis estadios y los resultados con respecto al grado de filtrado glomerular fueron: estadio 1 con 39,5 % (IC 95 %, 34,2-45,6), estadio 2 con 38,8 % (IC 95 %, 32,7-44,5), estadio 3a con 8 % (IC 95 %, 4,9-11,4), estadio 3b con 5,7 % (IC 95 %, 3,4-8,7), estadio 4 con 6,8 % (IC 95 %, 3,8-9,9) y el estadio 5 con 1,1 % (IC 95 % 0,0-2,7). El promedio de edad fue 69,26 ±11,01 en el grupo con ERC, en la segmentación por género estuvo: masculino en el grupo con ERC con 59,6 % y femenino con 40,3 %. Con respecto a comorbilidades, hipertensión arterial y tratamiento al analizarlas en grupos con ausencia de ERC y presencia de ERC fueron estadísticamente significativas, lo mismo en los resultados de laboratorio. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de sospecha de ERC en nuestra población es de 21 %, al menos 1 de cada 5 pacientes diabéticos con ≥ 5 años de evolución padecen una disminución del FG, sin embargo, no podemos considerarla ERC hasta que se valore la presencia de daño renal y corroborarlo a los tres meses.

Background: Diabetic nephropathy is the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD), however, there are no data available about the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the early stages in Mexico. A key role in first level attention consists in performing timely screenings for diseases such as CKD. In most cases CKD is underdiagnosed in early stages, because it is asymptomatic. Purpose: To determine the frequency of CKD in long-standing diabetes type 2 Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. We included 263 patients with diabetes type 2 with at least 5 years of evolution, not undergoing renal function replacement therapy. The variables of this study were: sociodemographic characteristics and estimation of the glomerular filtration rate through the CKD-EPI equation. Categorical variables were summarized as frequencies and percentages. For continuous variables, mean and standard deviation were reported. The significance of differences between groups was assessed by Student's t-test or square chi or Fisher's exact test, and p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: the KDIGO classification has 5 stages. The results regarding the degree of glomerular filtration: stage 1 with 39.5% (95% CI, 34.2-45.6) , stage 2 with 38.8% ( 95% CI, 32.77-44.5),stage 3a with 8% ( 95% CI, 4.9-11.4), stage 3b with 5.7% (95% CI, 3.4-8.7), grade 4 with 6.8% (95% CI, 3.8-9.9) and stage 5 with 1.1% (95% CI 0.0-2.7). The average age was 69.26 ± 11.01 in the group with CKD. Male gender predominated in the group CKD with 34 (59.6%) and 23 (40.3%), for female. Regarding comorbidities, hypertension arterial and treatment when analyzed for either absence or presence of CKD were statistically significant. The same findings can be obtained in laboratory results. Conclusion: The prevalence of suspected CKD in our population is 21%, at least 1 in 5 diabetic patients with ≥5 years of evolution suffer a decrease in GFR; however, we cannot consider it to be CKD until the presence of kidney damage is assessed and confirmed at 3 months.

Comparative performance of FAS equation and Asian modified CKD-EPI in the determination of GFR in Chinese patients with CKD with the 99mTc-DTPA plasma clearance as the reference method.

BACKGROUND: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a useful index in many clinical conditions. However, very few studies have assessed the performance of full age spectrum (FAS) equation and the Asian modified Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation in the approximation of GFR in Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of the above two creatinine-based equations. METHODS: A well designed single-center cross-sectional study was performed and the GFR was determined by 3 methods separately in the same day: technetium-99m-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) dual plasma sample clearance method (mGFR); FAS equation method; Asian modified CKD-EPI equation method. The gold standard method was the mGFR. Equations performance criteria considered correlation coefficient, bias, precision, accuracy and the ability to detect the mGFR less than 60ml/min/1.73m2. RESULTS: A total of 160 patients were enrolled. The diagnostic performance of FAS showed no significant difference in the correlation coefficient (0.89 vs 0.89), precision (15.9 vs 16.1ml/min/1.73m2), accuracy (75.0% vs 76.3%) and the ability to detect the mGFR less than 60ml/min/1.73m2 (0.94 vs 0.94) compared with the Asian modified CKD-EPI equation in all participants. The FAS showed a negative bias, while the new CKD-EPI equation showed a positive bias (-1.20 vs 1.30ml/min/1.73m2, P<0.001). However, they were all near to zero. In the mGFR<60ml/min/1.73m2 subgroup and mGFR>60ml/min/1.73m2 subgroup were consistent with that in the whole cohort. The precision and accuracy decreased when GFR>60ml/min/1.73m2 in both equations. CONCLUSIONS: The FAS equation and the Asian modified CKD-EPI equation had similar performance in determining the glomerular filtration rate in the Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease. Both the FAS equation and Asian modified CKD-EPI can be a satisfactory method and may be the most suitable creatinine-based equation.

Comparative performance of FAS equation and Asian modified CKD-EPI in the determination of GFR in Chinese patients with CKD with the 99mTc-DTPA plasma clearance as the reference method.

BACKGROUND: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a useful index in many clinical conditions. However, very few studies have assessed the performance of full age spectrum (FAS) equation and the Asian modified Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation in the approximation of GFR in Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of the above two creatinine-based equations. METHODS: A well designed single-center cross-sectional study was performed and the GFR was determined by 3 methods separately in the same day: technetium-99m-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) dual plasma sample clearance method (mGFR); FAS equation method; Asian modified CKD-EPI equation method. The gold standard method was the mGFR. Equations performance criteria considered correlation coefficient, bias, precision, accuracy and the ability to detect the mGFR less than 60ml/min/1.73m2. RESULTS: A total of 160 patients were enrolled. The diagnostic performance of FAS showed no significant difference in the correlation coefficient (0.89 vs 0.89), precision (15.9 vs 16.1ml/min/1.73m2), accuracy (75.0% vs 76.3%) and the ability to detect the mGFR less than 60ml/min/1.73m2 (0.94 vs 0.94) compared with the Asian modified CKD-EPI equation in all participants. The FAS showed a negative bias, while the new CKD-EPI equation showed a positive bias (-1.20 vs 1.30ml/min/1.73m2, P<0.001). However, they were all near to zero. In the mGFR<60ml/min/1.73m2 subgroup and mGFR>60ml/min/1.73m2 subgroup were consistent with that in the whole cohort. The precision and accuracy decreased when GFR>60ml/min/1.73m2 in both equations. CONCLUSIONS: The FAS equation and the Asian modified CKD-EPI equation had similar performance in determining the glomerular filtration rate in the Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease. Both the FAS equation and Asian modified CKD-EPI can be a satisfactory method and may be the most suitable creatinine-based equation.

Clinical characteristics, complications and management of patients with type 2 diabetes with and without diabetic kidney disease (DKD): A comparison of data from a clinical database.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to assess the percentage of co-morbid nephropathy in type 2 diabetes patients using the CKD-EPI equation and to compare the clinical characteristics and treatments of patients with type 2 diabetes with nephropathy with those of patients without nephropathy PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analysis of the demographic and clinical data registered in the IDIBAPS Biobank database. Patients were considered to have nephropathy if the diagnosis was reported in their clinical history, albuminuria (>30 mg/g) was indicated as present in the last urine test available, or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 was calculated using the CKD-EPI equation. RESULTS: Clinical data were obtained from 1,397 patients with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. The percentage of patients with nephropathy was 29.3% (N= 369) (95% confidence interval, 26.8% to 31.9%); however, only 109 (7.8%) patients had a nephropathy diagnosis reported in their clinical history. Compared with patients without nephropathy, patients with nephropathy have a higher mean age, higher frequency of diabetes complications and received insulin more frequently. CONCLUSION: Our results show that the percentage of type 2 diabetes patients with nephropathy was high and that this comorbidity was associated with a significantly higher frequency of diabetes macro- and microvascular complications (compared to diabetes patients without DKD).

Enfermedad renal crónica determinada mediante la creatinina sérica / Chronic kidney disease as measured by serum creatinine

La enfermedad renal crónica se relaciona con un mayor riesgo de enfermedad renal crónica terminal, de enfermedades cardiovasculares y de muerte, por lo que se requiere sudiagnóstico desde las primeras etapas de la enfermedad. Para ello, se disponen de un gran número de ecuaciones para estimar la tasa de filtración glomerular basadas en la concentración de creatinina sérica. Si bien la creatinina no es el analito ideal para estimar la filtración glomerular, ésta continuará empleándose hasta que haya una amplia disponibilidad en el medio de otros marcadores, como la cistatina C, por lo que el laboratorio clínico debe velar por la calidad analíticade los resultados y por lo tanto, debe determinar la creatinina a través de un método estandarizado frente a los procedimientos de medida de referencia. El objetivo de este módulo es revisar ladetección de la enfermedad renal crónica desde sus etapas iniciales, a partir de la creatinina sérica y de la estimación de la tasa de filtración glomerular.

Chronic kidney disease is associated with an increased risk of end-stage renal disease,cardiovascular diseases and death; hence, it is necessary to make a diagnosis in the early phasesof the disease. Many equations for estimating glomerular filtration rates are available for thispurpose, and are based on serum creatinine concentration. Although creatinine is not the idealanalyte to gauge glomerular filtration rate, it will be used until there is extensive availability of othermarkers, such as cystatin C. On these grounds, clinical laboratories must offer results with highstandards of quality control, and accordingly, they must measure serum creatinine with suitablemethods, previously standardized by reference measurement procedures. The aim of this moduleis to assess early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease through serum creatinine quantification andglomerular filtration rate estimation.